대한언어학회 전자저널

Song, Kyung-An & Heine, Bernd. (2016). On the Role of Indirect Personal Reference in the Development of Personal Pronouns. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal 24(1), 1-20. Based on an overview of a number of languages in different parts of the world, the paper argues that there is a widespread mechanism that accounts for some regularities in the development of markers of personal deixis. The mechanism includes (a) preference for indirect personal reference, (b) generalization and devaluation of highly valued expressions, and (c) the politeness principle. It has various implications for the structure of the languages concerned. It can be held responsible for the emergence of new grammatical forms and con- structions, for the loss of others, and for the fact that existing categories and systems of personal deixis are redefined. Another implication is that the mechanism can give rise to polysemous coding, in that the forms used for expressing functions involving indirect personal reference may serve simultaneously both in their old and their new functions.

# context manipulation # devaluation # indirect personal reference # personal pronoun # plurification # positioning # spatial deixis

• Benveniste, É. (1966). Problèmes de Linguistique Générale. Paris: Gallimard.
• Blanche-Benveniste, C. (1985). Coexistence de deux usages de la syntaxe du français parlé. In: Actes du XVIIe Congrès International de Linguistique et Philologie Romanes (1983, 7.), 203-214.
• Braun, F. (1988). Terms of Address: Problems of Patterns and Usage in Various Languages and Cultures. (Contributions to the Sociology of Language, 50.) Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Brown, R. & Gilman, A. (1968). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In: J. A. Fishman (Ed.) (1968), Readings in the Sociology of Language. (pp. 252-281). The Hague, Paris: Mouton.
• Brown, P. & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Cooke, J. R. (1965). Pronominal Reference in Thai, Burmese, and Vietnamese. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
• Cooke, J. R. (1968). Pronominal Reference in Thai, Burmese, and Vietnamese. (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 52.) Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Coveney, A. (2000). Vestiges of nous and the 1st person plural verb in informal spoken French. Language Sciences, 22, 447-481.
• Cysouw, M. (2003). The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking. (Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Domonkosi, Á. (2010). Variability in Hungarian address forms. Acta Linguistica Hungarica, 57(1), 29-52.
• Forchheimer, P. (1953). The Category of Person in Language. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
• Haase, M. (1992). Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel im Baskenland: die Einflüsse des Gaskognischen und Französischen auf das Baskische. Hamburg: Buske.
• Haase, M. (1994). Respekt: die Grammatikalisierung von Höflichkeit. (Edition Lingui- stik, 44.) Munich, Newcastle: LINCOM Europa.
• Head, B. (1978). Respect degrees in pronominal reference. In: J. H. Greenberg, C. A. Ferguson & E. Moravcsik (Eds.) (1978), Universals of Human Language. Vol. 3: Word structure (pp. 151-211). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Heath, J. (2004). Person. In: G. Booj, C. Lehmann, J., Mugdan & S. Skopeteas (Eds.) (2004), Morphologie: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Flexion und Wortbildung (pp. 998-1015). (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikations- wissenschaft, 17, 2.) Volume 2. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
• Heine, B., Claudi, U. & Hünnemeyer, F. (1991). Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Heine, B. & Song, K.-A. (2010). On the genesis of personal pronouns: some conceptual sources. Language and Cognition, 2(1), 117-48.
• Heine, B. & Song, K.-A. (2011). On the grammaticalization of personal pronouns. Journal of Linguistics, 47(3), 587-630.
• Helmbrecht, J. (2005). Typologie und Diffusion von Höflichkeitspronomina in Europa. Folia Linguistica, 39(3-4), 417-52.
• Hopper, P. J. & Traugott, E. C. (2003). Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Keenan, E. O. (1974). Conversation and Oratory in Vakinankaratra, Madagascar. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania.
• Kim, C.-K. (2009). Personal pronouns in English and Korean texts: A corpus- based study in terms of textual interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 41, 2086-2099.
• Kitagawa, C. & Lehrer, A. (1990). Impersonal uses of personal pronouns. Journal of Pragmatics, 14(5), 739-59.
• Lee, Y.-D. (2004). A study on the change of personal pronouns in the Japanese language. Journal of the Korean Society of Japanese Language and Literature, 27, 151-166.
• Levinson, S. C. (1979). Pragmatics and social deixis. BLS(Berkeley Linguistics Society) 5, 206-23.
• Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Matalene, C. (1985). Contrastive rhetoric: An American writing teacher in China. College English, 47, 789-807.
• Merlan, A. (2006). Grammatikalisierungstendenzen im Portugiesischen und Rumänischen: von Nominalsyntagmen zu Pronomina. In: J. Schmidt- Radefeldt (Ed.), Portugiesisch kontrastiv gesehen und Anglizismen weltweit (pp. 221-240). (Rostocker Romanistische Arbeiten, 10.) Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
• Park, Y.-S. (1996). Aspects of the diachronic changes of Japanese personal pronouns. Research Journal of Shinil College (Korea), 10, 51-77.
• Pfau, R. & Steinbach, M. (2006). Modality-independent and modality-specific aspects of grammaticalization in sign languages. Linguistics in Potsdam, 24, 5-98.
• Pfau, R. & Steinbach, M. (2011). Grammaticalization in sign languages. In: H. Narrog & B. Heine (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization (pp. 681-693). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Shibatani, M. (1990). The Languages of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Siewierska, A. (2004). Person. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Simon, H. J. (1997). On the rise of a grammatical category 'Respect' in German. Paper Presented at the International Conference of Historical Linguistics XIV, Vancouver, 9-13 August, 1999.
• Simon, H. J. (2003). Für eine Grammatische Kategorie ‘Respekt’ im Deutschen: Synchronie, Diachronie und Typologie der deutschen Anredepronomina. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
• Sökeland, W. (1980). Indirektheit von Sprechhandlungen: eine linguistische Unter- suchung. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
• Song, K.-A. (2002). Korean reflexives and grammaticalization: A speaker-hearer dynamic approach. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung (STUF, Berlin) 55(5), 340-353.
• Song, K.-A. (2003). Speaker-hearer dynamics and grammaticalization. Journal of the Society of German Language and Literature (Korea) 22, 53-75.
• Song, K.-A. (2011). Speaker-hearer dynamics and grammaticalization of Japanese pronouns. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 19(1), 61-78.
• Song, K.-A. (2012), Speaker-hearer dynamics and grammaticalization of pronouns in European languages. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 20(2), 61-80.
• Song, K.-A. (2013), Speaker-hearer dynamics and grammaticalization of Korean pronominals. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 21(2), 115-137.
• Sugamoto, N. (1989). Pronominality: a noun-pronoun continuum. In: R. Corrigan, F. Eckman & M. Noonan (Eds.), Linguistic Categorization (pp. 267-291). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
• Suzuki, T. (1984). Words in Context. Tokyo: Kodansha International.
• Tannen, D. (1989). Talking Voices: Repetition, Dialogue, and Imagery in Conversational Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
• Traugott, E. C. &. Dasher, R. B. (2002). Regularity in Semantic Change. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 96.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Tsuda, S. (1993). Indirectness in discourse: What does it do in conversation? Intercultural Communication Studies, 3 (1), 63-74.
• Whitman, J. (1999). Personal pronoun shift in Japanese: A case study in lexical change and point of view. In: A. Kamio & K. Takama (Eds.), Function and Structure: In Honor of Susumu Kuno (pp. 357-386). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
• Yamamoto, M. (2006). Agency and Impersonality: Their Linguistic and Cultural Manifestations. Amsterdam: Benjamins.